Social protection initiatives frequently increased social cohesiveness by fostering more trust, collaboration for the common good, participation in local groups, and a stronger feeling of inclusive identity. The perception of programs’ legality and fairness among those who are not beneficiaries differs depending on the situation. Lastly, social disputes and tensions among community members may arise from the beneficiary selection process, underscoring the significance of comprehending the impact of underlying contextual elements. Regarding gaps in the research, there are just a few qualitative studies that provide evidence of the social cohesion consequences of social security programs for non-beneficiaries. Additionally, the majority of research focuses on social cohesiveness that occurs horizontally “inside” communities; the evidence base is lacking in terms of its influence on social cohesion between citizens and other communities (out-groups). Additionally, the majority of research focuses on social cohesiveness that occurs horizontally within communities; nevertheless, there is a dearth of data about the effects of social cohesion in the Sahel on interactions between residents and the state (vertical cohesion) and between various communities (out-groups).
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/e6e1aa73-5d03-4b19-bbf9-62eef57ab45d